What is the history of animation?

An animation is a hand-drawn(or made with computers to look similar to something hand-drawn) film for the cinema, television or computer screen, featuring some kind of story or plot (even if it is a very short one).

Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion into a still drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion.

The phenakistoscope,zoetrope, as well as the common flip book,were early animation devices to produce movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much further until the advent of motion picture film.

James Stuart Blackton(1875~1941) has made the first animation in the world, Humorous Phases of Funny Face. There is also opinion that the first animation(in the traditional sense, i, e. on film) was Fantasmagorie by the French director Émile Cohl released in 1908. Fantasmagorie is a French word, and it is named as A Fantasy, Black and White or Metamorphosis in English, One of the very first successful animations was Gertie the Dinosaur by Winsor McCay. It is considered the first example of true character animation.

In the 1930s to 1960s, theatrical cartoons were produced in huge numbers, and usually shown before a feature film in a movie theater.MGM, Disney, Paramount and Warner Brothers were the largest studios producing those 5 to 10-minute “shorts”.

Competition from television drew audiences away from movie theaters in the late 1950s, and the theatrical cartoon began its decline. Today, animations are produced mostly for television, Disney has made many well-known animations that here are only some of them: SnouWhite and the Seven Dwarfs(1937),Bambi(1942), Cinderella(1950), Sleeping Beauty(1959),One Hundred and One Dalmatians(1961)Robin Hood(1973), The Little Mermaid(1989),The Lion King(1994), Pocahontas(1995),Tarzan(1999), Meet the Robinsons(2007)and so on.

American television animation of the 1950s featured quite limited animation styles, highlighted by the work of Jay Ward on CrusadeRabbit. Chuck Jones coined the term“illustrated radio" to refer to the shoddy style of most television cartoons that depended more on their soundtracks than visuals. Other notable 1950s programs include UPA’Gerald McBoing Boing, Hanna-Barbera's Huckleberry Hound, and Quick Draw McGraw, and rebroadcast of many classic theatrical cartoons from Warner Brothers, MGM, and Disney. Hanna-Barbera'sshow The Flintstones was the first successful primetime animated serie. In the United States, running from 1960 to 1966(and in reruns since).While many networks followed the show's success by scheduling others! prime time cartoons in the early 1960s, including The Jetsons , Top Cat and The Alvin Show , none of these programs survived more than a year prime time. However, networks found success by running these failed shows as Saturday morning cartoons, reaching smaller audiences with more demographic unity among children, Television animation for children flourished on Saturday morning on cable channels and in syndicated afternoon time slots; prime time cartoons were virtually nonexistent until 1990s hit The Simpsons ushered in a new era of adult animation.

I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to you for your very active participation in our recent conference in Montreal on the“ future aviation.” The Chairman and Board Members have also asked me to pass on their sincere appreciation for your efforts in supporting the Institute in this important undertaking your skill in chairing the controversial panel on “The Role of Developing Countries in the Future of Aviation Management” was very much appreciated by those representing all sides of that susceptible topic, As well, we have received numerous post-conference requests for the paper you delivered on “The Critical Issue of Cooperation Between Airlines and Airports.” It appears that you may have penned a best-seller with that one !

On both a professional and a personal level, I really appreciated the time that the two of us were able to spend together for fun and reflection during conference down times. I certainly learned a lot about the unique aspects of aviation operations in your part of the world (not to mention the things you taught me about the backhand on the squash court!).

We are currently hard at work producing the “Compendium o] Conference Proceedings” document, and we expect to be sending it out to all participants early in the new year.

Again, thank you so much for your enthusiastic participation in our conference. I have no doubt that it would not have been the success it was without your presence.

Please keep in touch ，and drop in and visit us whenever you are in this part of the world.